Day – 2
1. In your opinion, which factors affect most – in the present socio-economic milieu – an individual’s ethical behaviour in a society? (150 Words)
An individual's ethical behaviour is shaped by the socioeconomic realities and values of the time. What was ethical in the past isn't anymore and this may change in the future. Presently, following factors affect an individual's ethical behaviour in a society:
1. Consumerism vs Environmentalism: There is a tussle between the two and everyday ethical behaviour must balance environmental concerns.
2. Rising Inequality and the Principle of trusteeship: The current world is starkly unequal. In this regard, as Gandhiji said,those who are wealthy should see themselves as the trustees of public wealth.
3. Technology vs Nature: Technology is a double edged sword. For all the benefits that accompany it, there is a slew of ethical concerns rising from the potential misuse of it. This has to be kept in mind.
4. Vasudhaiv Kutumbkum vs Economic and Territorial Protectionism: Immigration has risen and economic protectionism is on the roll. This brings to fore the dilemma of treating the whole world as family competing with the narrow interests.
1. Consumerism vs Environmentalism: There is a tussle between the two and everyday ethical behaviour must balance environmental concerns.
2. Rising Inequality and the Principle of trusteeship: The current world is starkly unequal. In this regard, as Gandhiji said,those who are wealthy should see themselves as the trustees of public wealth.
3. Technology vs Nature: Technology is a double edged sword. For all the benefits that accompany it, there is a slew of ethical concerns rising from the potential misuse of it. This has to be kept in mind.
4. Vasudhaiv Kutumbkum vs Economic and Territorial Protectionism: Immigration has risen and economic protectionism is on the roll. This brings to fore the dilemma of treating the whole world as family competing with the narrow interests.
It is important that we take into account the ethical concerns rising in the society. Otherwise, the step forward would not be sustainable.
2. “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his enemies, for the hardest victory is over self.” Comment. (150 Words)
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Lord Buddha rightly identified desires to be root cause of miseries in the human world. In a world where self is at the centre of a person's scheme of things, this becomes more important than ever.
1. An enemy can be won over by various means. He or she can be persuaded, influenced, reasoned with etc. but our desires can't. Desires seek fulfilment of sensory pleasures which are innate to us. Hence, to get rid of a desire is extremely difficult.
2. An enemy is not forever around. He or she has his or her own world which is to be lived but desires reside within us. At every moment, they nudge us to fulfil them, making us commit sins at times.
3. An enemy can never know us completely. Deep within we all have our secrets which are unknown to others. Desires know us all. They know our weaknesses. They understand our sensitivities.
1. An enemy can be won over by various means. He or she can be persuaded, influenced, reasoned with etc. but our desires can't. Desires seek fulfilment of sensory pleasures which are innate to us. Hence, to get rid of a desire is extremely difficult.
2. An enemy is not forever around. He or she has his or her own world which is to be lived but desires reside within us. At every moment, they nudge us to fulfil them, making us commit sins at times.
3. An enemy can never know us completely. Deep within we all have our secrets which are unknown to others. Desires know us all. They know our weaknesses. They understand our sensitivities.
Hence, someone who overcomes his desires is indeed braver than one who conquers his enemies. It is for this reason, Lord Mahavira could became Jina only after controlling his sensory organs and hence, desires.
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alexander who conquered large parts of Asia but was unable to conquer his arrogance ,anger & ego & is said to have committed many dastardly acts.
& the buddha who had the option of becoming a world conqueror but chose to conquer self.
& the buddha who had the option of becoming a world conqueror but chose to conquer self.
3. Define the following with suitable examples:
a) Consequentialism
b) Non-consequentialism
c) Moral absolutism
d) Meta-ethics
e) Normative ethics
1. At the heart of ethics is a concern about something or someone other than ourselves and our own desires and self-interest. Discuss. (150 Words)
EXAMPLE - PWD ENGINEER HONEST AND INTERGRITY MEANS - PROTECT THE LIFE OF CITIZEN . though engineer held to other principles it concerns others
Universal ethics - truth beauty love beyond the own desires and self interest
2. Recent scientific advancements increasingly allow humans to improve everything from memory to appearance. Discuss the ethical issues involved in human enhancement. (150 Words)
manufacturing of human akin to "playing God."
principle of equality, disparity widens, poor cannot afford.
memory and appearance higher than other qualities, people with undesired traits can be seen as a burden
morally undesirable forms of enhancement can be created
if a person uses a technological shortcut to achieve a goal, that choice may decrease the accomplishment's value. For instance, if a mountaineer reaches a summit using a helicopter rather than by physically climbing the mountain, that undermines the achievement's value.
issues surrounding human enhancements is the question of governance.
3. Define the following with suitable examples:
a) Ethics
b) Human Ethics
c) Human Action
d) Action of Human
human Acts
Human acts are actions done intentionally, free, and deliberate of a person.
These are actions that a man properly master for he does them with full knowledge and of his own will.
Human Acts
Acts which proceed from a deliberate freewill.
A man is fully responsible with the consequences of his acts.
Involves and man’s responsibility and accountability of the results of his/her actions.
Essential attributes of Human Acts
KNOWLEDGE
FREEDOM
VOLUNTARINESS
KNOWLEDGE
An act is done knowingly, when the doer is conscious (all senses are active, sensory-perception is functional) and aware of the reason and the consequences on his actions.
Knowledge is supplied by the intellect and it directs the will to want the object it proposes.
FREEDOM
An act is done when the doer acts by his own initiative and choice without being forced to do so by another person or situation.
It makes the doer the father of his acts and thus, the doer is responsible for those acts. He can acknowledge that he has done them because he wanted to and he can explain why he wanted to do them.
VOLUNTARINESS
An act is done willfully when the doer consents to the acts, accepting it as his own, and assumes accountability for its consequences.
It is naturally inclined to the good, but man may sometimes deliberately choose evil.
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of man are instinctive, such as physiological in nature.
These are actions done under the circumstances of ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits.
Acts that are performed by men without being master of them through his intellect and will, therefore acts of man are involuntary actions.
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of persons without the proper use of reason. For example, children or innate persons.
Acts of people asleep or under the influence or other drugs. The loss of direct responsibility is voluntary, however, the power of will might still be present.
Actions are done under the circumstances of :
Primo-primi acts or acts that are quick and nearly automatic reactions.
Ignorance
In general, it is a lack of knowledge regarding a certain thing.
Passion
Fear
Violence
Habits
Is a mental agitation brought on by the apprehension of some present or imminent danger.
Is a constant disposition that tends to influence one to perform repeatedly similar actions
Is a force exerted on a person by another in order to compel him to perform a certain action against his will.
Considered as mental responses, either tendencies towards desirable objects or tendencies away from undesirable objects.
Human acts are actions done intentionally, free, and deliberate of a person.
These are actions that a man properly master for he does them with full knowledge and of his own will.
Human Acts
Acts which proceed from a deliberate freewill.
A man is fully responsible with the consequences of his acts.
Involves and man’s responsibility and accountability of the results of his/her actions.
Essential attributes of Human Acts
KNOWLEDGE
FREEDOM
VOLUNTARINESS
KNOWLEDGE
An act is done knowingly, when the doer is conscious (all senses are active, sensory-perception is functional) and aware of the reason and the consequences on his actions.
Knowledge is supplied by the intellect and it directs the will to want the object it proposes.
FREEDOM
An act is done when the doer acts by his own initiative and choice without being forced to do so by another person or situation.
It makes the doer the father of his acts and thus, the doer is responsible for those acts. He can acknowledge that he has done them because he wanted to and he can explain why he wanted to do them.
VOLUNTARINESS
An act is done willfully when the doer consents to the acts, accepting it as his own, and assumes accountability for its consequences.
It is naturally inclined to the good, but man may sometimes deliberately choose evil.
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of man are instinctive, such as physiological in nature.
These are actions done under the circumstances of ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits.
Acts that are performed by men without being master of them through his intellect and will, therefore acts of man are involuntary actions.
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of persons without the proper use of reason. For example, children or innate persons.
Acts of people asleep or under the influence or other drugs. The loss of direct responsibility is voluntary, however, the power of will might still be present.
Actions are done under the circumstances of :
Primo-primi acts or acts that are quick and nearly automatic reactions.
Ignorance
In general, it is a lack of knowledge regarding a certain thing.
Passion
Fear
Violence
Habits
Is a mental agitation brought on by the apprehension of some present or imminent danger.
Is a constant disposition that tends to influence one to perform repeatedly similar actions
Is a force exerted on a person by another in order to compel him to perform a certain action against his will.
Considered as mental responses, either tendencies towards desirable objects or tendencies away from undesirable objects.
because:
■ outcomes for society are better when the decisions of public office holders are made fairly and on merit
and not influenced by personal and private interests;
■ low levels of corruption and confidence in the integrity of the trading and operating environment are
crucial factors in the functioning of advanced democracies;
■ high standards benefit the economy through their effect on international confidence;
■ impartiality and objectivity increases predictability, which improves economic efficiency;
■ Governments which are not perceived to uphold high standards have less legitimacy and basic public
institutions such as tax and benefit systems rely on public trust to function effectively
list of Social Virtues
like egalitarianism, equality, equity and efficiencyCASES
1.Clinical trials
principles have been described as guiding the conduct of ethical research:
Social and clinical value
Scientific validity
Fair subject selection
Favourable risk-benefit ratio
Independent review
Informed consent
Respect for potential and enrolled subjects
Ethical issues involved in clinical trials:
Lack of informed consent:
Principle of Utilitarian approach where more emphasis on maximum good to more number of people at the cost of individual rights is followed.
Corruption:-
Lack of adequate representation:-
Lack of volunteer honesty:-
Lack of transparency :-
Acid attack
social stigma in the society and women is often blamed for the incident and doesn’t let an acid survivor lead a normal life after the attack.
Patriarchal authority
In the old order, women were docile and obedient. In the burgeoning order, women are independent. If they wish to end a relationship, they just do. These are things people accustomed to a sense of male entitlement cannot take. In their world view, a woman should be grateful for any interest a man shows in her.
It is often seen as a male thing to chase a woman. And sadly, that is what Bollywood too portrays most of the time. Eve teasing, stalking a love object is an accepted behaviour in Indian society, and jilted love is a major reason for many acid attacks in our country.
Men resort to violent attacks as women assert themselves by challenging men’s authority and expectations.
When a man throws acid on a woman, his intention is to subjugate her and show her who is in charge.
Societal preference for son over daughter – Geeta Mohar’s husband poured acid on her for giving him a daughter and not a son.
Acid is easily available in any town or village or a city. Supreme court passed an order regarding acid sale but governments have not taken enough action.
conviction rate is very low
